Teaching English to First-year Students in Russia: Addressing the Challenges of Distance Learning

(1) The aim of this study is to investigate the psychological climate in first-year students' academic groups in Russia after they experienced the period of distance learning at the initial stage of university studies (due to the COVID-19 pandemic) and to find out how different it is compared with the academic groups of first-year students whose university studies were not influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: Mixed quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to collect data using A. N. Lutoshkin's questionnaire with closed-ended questions. The questionnaire determines the psychological climate in students' academic groups. (3) Results: The results of the study reveal considerable differences in the psychological climate of the investigated groups. The findings suggest that the students whose university studies were not influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic considered their academic groups to have more mutual understanding, a greater desire to cooperate with other teams, a better mood in the team, a greater desire to participate in the joint affairs, etc., in comparison with the students who experienced a period of distance learning at the initial stage of their studies. (4) Conclusions: The transition to distance learning allows students to continue their studies under epidemiological restrictions. However, the factors affecting the speed of the adaptation of first-year students in distance learning and the determination of the degree of their influence on the socio-psychological state of the students remain insufficiently studied. This study contributes to the field by defining the peculiarities of the psychological climate in first-year students' academic groups after they experienced a period of distance learning at the initial stage of university studies. It also specifies how the psychological climate is different from the academic groups of first-year students who were taught in a traditional format. As psychological climate plays a crucial role for EFL instruction, measures must be taken to ease the first-year students' adaptation process while studying online.

Influenza vaccination reveals and partly reverses sex dimorphic immune imprints associated with prior mild COVID-19 (preprint)

Viral infections can have profound and durable functional impacts on the immune system. There is an urgent need to characterize the long-term immune effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection given the persistence of symptoms in some individuals and the continued threat of novel variants including the recent rapid acceleration in infections. As the majority of COVID-19 patients experienced mild disease, here we use systems immunology approaches to comparatively assess the post-infection immune status (mean: 151 [5th - 95th percentile: 58 - 235] days after diagnosis) and subsequent innate and adaptive responses to seasonal influenza vaccination (as an "immune challenge") in 33 previously healthy individuals after recovery from mild, non-hospitalized COVID-19, as compared to 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls with no history of COVID-19. Sex-specific, temporally stable shifts in signatures of metabolism, T-cell activation, and innate immune/inflammatory processes suggest that mild COVID-19 can establish new post-infection immunological set-points. COVID-19-recovered males had an increase in CD71hi B-cells (including influenza-specific subsets) before vaccination and more robust innate, influenza-specific plasmablast, and antibody responses after vaccination compared to healthy males. Intriguingly, by day 1 post-vaccination in COVID-19-recovered subjects, the expression of numerous innate defense/immune receptor genes (e.g., Toll-like receptors) in monocytes increased and moved away from their post-COVID-19 repressed state toward the pre-vaccination baseline of healthy controls, and these changes tended to persist to day 28 in females, hinting that the acute inflammatory responses induced by vaccination could partly reset the immune states established by prior mild COVID-19. Our study reveals sex-dimorphic immune imprints and in vivo functional impacts of mild COVID-19 in humans, suggesting that prior COVID-19 could change future responses to vaccination and in turn, vaccines could help reset the immune system after COVID-19, both in an antigen-agnostic manner.

Robust, persistent adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue of children (preprint)

SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers adaptive immune responses from both T and B cells. However, most studies focus on peripheral blood, which may not fully reflect immune responses in lymphoid tissues at the site of infection. To evaluate both local and systemic adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, we collected peripheral blood, tonsils, and adenoids from 110 children undergoing tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic and found 24 with evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, including detectable neutralizing antibodies against multiple viral variants. We identified SARS-CoV-2-specific germinal center (GC) and memory B cells; single cell BCR sequencing showed that these virus-specific B cells were class-switched and somatically hypermutated, with overlapping clones in the adenoids and tonsils. Oropharyngeal tissues from COVID-19-convalescent children showed persistent expansion of GC and anti-viral lymphocyte populations associated with an IFN-γ-type response, with particularly prominent changes in the adenoids, as well as evidence of persistent viral RNA in both tonsil and adenoid tissues of many participants. Our results show robust, tissue-specific adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract of children weeks to months after acute infection, providing evidence of persistent localized immunity to this respiratory virus.